The Analyzing speech
act on father and his son in papua conversation
I.
Introduction
Human
in life as
a social being which always keep in
touch with other people. They
interact with the people around him as well as with others who far
away. Language plays an important
role in our lives. Each language
is used as a communication tool. Languages as a communication tool which is
used as a means of
delivering a message from a
person to another person, or
from the reader to
the listener, and from the writer to the reader,
humans interact convey
information to each other. In
addition, people can express
their ideas, either orally or in writing/drawing.
Languages have many functions. The speakers were not
only expressing emotions through language, but also show the emotion when
speaking. In this
case the listener is also able to predict whether the speaker was sad, angry
or excited.
Speech
act is a pragmatic
element involving the speaker, the listener or the reader and
the writer in question, speech acts is used by
multiple disciplines. pragmatics
might be meant as a study of language which has related with context which
underlies the explanation of language meaning in its relation with user
language. In the linguistic
pragmatic speech acts remains a presumption with
special implicatures. (Setiawan, 2005: 16).
According to Yule (2006) pragmatics
is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer)
and interpreted by a listener. It has consequently, more to do with the
analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases
in those utterances might mean by themselves. From the explanationabove, the
meaning of pragmatics it self is the study of speaker’s meaning.Studying
language via pragmatics can give advantages: one can talk about people’s intended meanings, their assumptions,
their purposes or goals, and the kinds of actions that they are performing when
they speak.
J. A. Austin was the first one who
wanted to capture the fact that there is more in the function of language than
semantics (Tsovalziet all: n.d). He has given three types of acts that can be
performed by every utterance, given the right circumstances; Locutionary, is
the act of actually uttering, Illocutionary, is the act
performed in saying something, and Perlocutionary, is the act performed by
saying something in a particular context. Furthermore, J. R. Searle the
follower of Austin has classified of speech act is five classifications those
are assertives (representative), directives, expressives, commissives, and
declarations.
II.
Analysis & Discussion
This
paper gives data analysis which was analyzed based on the speech act theory.
The data were taken from the conversation
the father and his son in papua conversation.
Father :
matiuuus...
Son : ya
bapa....
Father : ko
beli bapa rokok dulu
Son : aduh
bapa saya bermain ini, bapa suruh anak lain saja
Father :
Aduuuh tidak mau bantu bapa lagi, matius.... nanti kalo ko mau, bapa kasih ko
Seribu, ko beli bapa punya rokok dulu, bisa tow
Son : bagaiman kalo sa kasih bapa 2 ribu baru bapa
yang beli sendiri ya....
The
context of conversation above is when the father call his son who is playing
with his friends. The father calls his son to
command him to buy some cigarets for him. “Father : matiuuus, ko beli bapa
rokok dulu” This utterance is attempting to create other utterances. The
purpose of this utterence actually to command his son to buy some cigarets. Nevertheless, the son does not know what the father
purpose why the father called him. So, the father said “ko beli bapa rokok dulu”. The son does not want to follow what the father
said but he speaks “aduuuh bapa sa bemain ini”. from this utterence above we
can know that those utterence has some explicit meaning. The utterances
from the conversation above are included in representative, declaration,
directive, and expressive speech act.
Speech acts can be analysed on three
levels. A locutionary act, the performance of an utterance the actual utterance
and its ostensible meaning, comprising phonetic, phatic and rhetic acts
corresponding to the verbal, syntactic and semantic aspects of any meaningful
utterance. An illocutionary act, the pragmatic illocutionary force of the
utterance, thus its intended significance as a socially valid verbal action.
Perlocutionary act, its actual effect, such as persuading, convincing, scaring,
enlightening, inspiring, or otherwise getting someone to do or realize
something, whether intended or not. Yule (1996) defines representative speech act as a speech act that state what the speaker
believes to be the case or not. According to
Stuart Hall (1997),
the representation is one of the important practices that
produce culture. Culture is a very broad concept culture involves “shared
experience”. Someone said to come from the
same culture if human beings were there to divide the same experience, divide the codes are
the same culture, speak the 'language' of the same, and share the
same concepts. Language is
the medium that mediates the meanings of things, produce and change the
meaning. The
utterances are categorized as representative such as:
“Aduh bapa
saya bermain ini”
This utterence is one of the locutionary acts, which
have function as the answer from the son to the father. It is the kind of
indirect speech act. The utterence is belonging to representative because the
son answers fathers question to inform what actually he was doing. The illocutionary acts from this
utterence is the son want the father to command other people because he was
playing with his friends. From this statement, it seems that
the illocutionary is accepted or successful because the hearer answers what the
speaker asks. It is indirect speech act which is categorized as representative.
The son inform what he was doing. From that statement, it seems that the son
does not want to do what the father’s command, means that she just wants to
continue his playing.
The
next is directives namely when the speaker tries to
make the addressee perform an action. The different kinds are: asking,
ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging. Searle
(1999) defines directive speech
act as the illocutionary point of these consists in thefact that they are
attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something. The
utterances are categorized as directives.
“ko beli bapa
rokok dulu”
It
is kind of direct speech act because the father immadiatly command his son to
buy cigarets. The intended message of this utterance is an inquiry about what
the hearer is doing.
The
last is expressive, Searle
(1999) states, “The illocutionary
point of this class is to express the psychological state specified in the
sincerity condition about a state of affairs specified in the propositional
content”.
Yule (1996) also adds that the
speakers express psychological states and can
be statements of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy, or sorrow.
Based on conversation above the utterance which is categorized as expressive.
“Aduh bapa saya bermain
ini”
The
father knows if the son does not want to buy cigarets, so the illocutionary
acts is succesful because after that the father said “matius.... nanti kalo ko mau, bapa kasih ko
Seribu, ko beli bapa punya rokok dulu, bisa tow”
It is expressive because the son dislike what the father command. It is
indirect speech act.
III.
Conclusion
In
brief, this analyzing
more focus on one of pragmatics concepts namely speech act theory. Pragmatics
itself is a study of language which has
related with context which underlies the explanation of language meaning in its
relation with user language. Meanwhile, the term of speech act is used to
describe action such as requesting, commanding, questioning or informing (Yule:
2006). By
analyzing speech acts in papua conversation, we can conclude that all of
languages have speech acts. From the example of daily conversation above, we
know the characteristic, the component, and the types of speech acts. We have
to take attention to our culture especially our mother language with its unique
and different construction with the other language and we also can learn and understand
our language. In short, there are many speech acts which are used by all of
people in the world with different languages.
All
of locutionary acts is clearly but, the message from the locutionary acts was
succesful or unsuccesful it depends on the hearer or the reader. If the hearer
or the reader understand what the illocutionary acts, the hearer and the reader
will do the message or the perlocutionary acts without direct speech from the
speaker.
References
Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2008). Term of
conversation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
http://www.Speech act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.htm
Searle,
R, J. (1999). Expression and Meaning.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Speech Acst.Retrieved on July 3,
2007 from theStanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy Website: http://www.Speech Acts (Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy).htm
What is a Speech Act.Retrieved on February
14, 2014 at 16:41 from theCenter for Advanced
Yule, G. (1996).Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2008). Term of
conversation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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